Identity:

Forests in which Fagus sylvatica in western and central Europe or other Fagus species including Fagus orientalis in southeastern Europe and Pontic Asia (G1.6), is associated in the main canopy with fir Abies spp. and/or spruce Picea spp. (G3.1), sometimes with an admixture of other conifers, in particular, pines Pinus spp. Characteristic of the montane level of the major European mountains south of the boreal zone.